Kingdom PROTISTA

This last week we did module #3! And its all about Kingdom Protista. There are two subkingdoms in Protista. (Note: subkingdom is not a phyla)

• Subkingdom Protozoa
  
• subkingdom Algae

And in side both of these subkingdoms there are 9 major phyla. For subkingdom Protozoa there is 4 major phyla:

• Mastigophora
  
• Sarcodina
  
• Ciliophora
  
• Sporozoa
  

There phyla are distinguished from one another based on their organisms' method of locomotion.
For subkingdom Algae there is 5 major phyla:

• Chlorophyta
• Chrysophyta
• Pyrrophyta
• Phaeophyta
  
• Rhodophyta

Organisms are separated into these phyla based on habitat, organization, and type of cell wall.

In one of our phyla in subkingdom Protozoa: Sarcodina- there is a cell called Amoeba proteus
These cells are so cool! They have a standard body shape, and they are enclosed in a flexibel plasma membrane that lets them change shape whenever they want. When they want to move, they form extentions out of their bodies called pseudopods
Pseudopod- A temporary, foot-like extension of a cell, used for locomotion or engulfing food
This cell is considered eukaryotic because it is so nicely organized inside.

Another cell in subkingdom Protozoa, phyla Mastigophora, is Euglena. These organisms can be found in marine waters, fresh water, and/or moist soil. Members of this genus can produce their own food, by photosynthesis. Though they are photosynthetic we dont consider them to be autotrophic... because in certain curcumstances they can ingest and decompose remains of dead organisms. Even though they can do this, sometimes they obsorb food from their surroundings! As you can see, they have many ways to get food, so we dont have to worry about them surviving! One of the ways it can decide which way he will get his food is with his eyespot
Eyespot- A light-sensitive region in certan protozoa
So they can see if there is light so they can use photosynthesis, or if its dark they can take from their surroundings or they can find dead remains.
Euglena's is a flagellate
Flagellate- A protozoan that propels itself with a flagellum
This cell is very complex, and we just barely touched the surface!

The experiment we did on Friday was EXPERIMENT 3.2
we look at prepared slides for an Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena and Volvox cells! it was so cool! my favorite was the Volvox, on the slide it was bright pink

It seems like there is just not enough time to soak up everything there is to learn! These modules dont waist a second... there always telling us something totally fasinating! I really love science this year! Thanks to all who help--
Hannah

bacteria!

Last week for science we went to Rigby Lake and gathered four jars with lake water in each one. In each jar we placed a different type of food for the bacteria: eggs, rice, soil, and hay. After that we placed the jars into a cooler in brother Butikofer’s shop. We left them there for a week. this week we were learning about prokaryotic cells (cells that have no distinct membrane bounded organelles). Don't worry if you don't know what it means. Few do. We also learned abot pathogens,oranisims that cause disease, Saprophytes, organisims that feed on dead matter, parasites, organisims that feed on a living host, aerobic organisims, organisims that require oxygen, and anerobic organisims, ones that don't, how bacteria reproduce, exponential growth, logistic growth,plasmids, transfomation,transduction, endospores, gram positive and gram negitive bacteria, and so on and so forth and ect.

Now... To grow, bacteria must have the following things: moisture, moderate temperature, nutrition, darkness, and the proper amount of oxygen. We, the considerate people that we are, provided them with all of those things. The greatful bacteria began to thrive and grow in prosperity and peace. When we removed them in a week, they had multiplied to staggering numbers. We placed a drop of water out of each jar onto a glass slide. The bacteria we had chosen were greatful and decided to show off the best that they could. We were satisfied and impressed with the fruits of our labor. We saw coccus bacteria, bacillus, spirillum, diatoms, volvox, amoeba, and more. It was super exciting and fun. We can’t wait to do more Biology!

--Animalia

science this year!!!

this year my dad (brent), is teaching hannah, aliysa, me, eliza, and jace all science! we're really excited for biology and all the fun things that go with it, the microscope, all the experiments and well... mabey not so excited to cut open giant frogs, but of course having fun writing down all of our fun adventures here!

members in the science lab:

1. dad/brent as BioDomin = life master

2. Hannah (yet to be decided)

3. Aliysa as Animalia = animal kingdom 4.Vanessa as Tameanea = latin name for butterfly

5. Eliza (yet to be decided)

6. Jace as Fungi = fun guy

In this module we

learned about the 4 criteria of life, which is what a life form has to pass in order to be considered alive

. it must have DNA which is short for deoxyribonucleic acid!

. it must reproduce

. it must react to things around them

. and it must be able to convert energy to food

we also learned about once you know their alive how to know what they are or be able to use taxonomy: the science of classifying organisms. we learned to classifying them into things like herbivores, animals that eats only plants, carnivores that eat only things other than plants, and omnivores, animals that eat both plants and other organisms. Or into producers, organisms that produce there own food (mostly plants), consumers, organisms that eat producers or other consumers, and decomposers, organisms that break down dead organisms for food. autotrophs or heterotrophs if can or can't make their own food, or into the eukaryotic cells group or the prokaryotic cell group weather or not they have distinct membrane - bounded organelles or not.

Then there's the 5 kingdom classification system, thats what you use if you want more information or more details than the classifications above can give you. the 5 kingdoms are Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. the 5 kingdom system has several different levels down from that depending on how much information you want. the first level is kingdom, second phyum, then class, next after that is order, family, genus, until last is species.

a fun and easy way to remember this is with this funny sentence we learned "King Philip Cried Out, 'For Goodness Sake!" :) now we'll never forget which order they go in!

we had a chance to classify using this method with the help of a biological key. that was a lot of fun finding there name and then trying to pronounce it!

last in this module we learned about another newer classifying method similar to the 5 kingdom system, it was called the 3 domain system in which there were the domains Archaea Bacteria and Eukarya. in this system you classified all the organisms with eukaryotic cells in the Eukarya domain and the prokaryotic celled organisms in two different domains. the ones that lived in extreme environments went in the Archaea domain and the ones that didn't live in extreme environments went in the Bacteria domain. this classifying system is mostly used by evolutionists.